Povzetek: Nakladnica je ključni dokument v pomorskem prevozu, hkrati pa je tudi vrednostni papir. Nenavadno je, da leta 2019 velika večina pomorskih prevozov še vedno poteka z uporabo papirne nakladnice. Doslej se pomorski prevoz tovora ni informatiziral, ker informacijske tehnologije niso nujno pomenile prednosti, temveč večkrat celo dodatne aktivnosti in nove pravne dileme. Tehnologija veriženja blokov je nastala predvsem zaradi digitalnega denarja. Ima pa nekatere funkcije in značilnosti, ki so korak naprej pri dosedanjih tehnoloških omejitvah v povezavi z vrednostnimi papirji. To še ne pomeni, da je ta tehnologija dala odgovore na vsa odprta pravna vprašanja, ima pa nastavke, da končno omogoči informatizacijo pomorske prevozne industrije. Tehnološkemu delu mora slediti tudi rešitev pravnih vprašanj. V tem primeru so rešitve bodisi pogodbene ali zakonodajne narave.
Ključne besede: nakladnica, elektronska nakladnica, elektronski prenosni dokumenti, tehnologija veriženja blokov, pomorski prevoz tovora, Haaška pravila, Visbyjska pravila, Hamburška pravila, Rotterdamska pravila, CargoX
Title: Blockchain Technology and Documents of Title
Abstract: Bill of lading is an essential document in maritime transport, and is also a document of title. Oddly enough, in 2019, the vast majority of maritime transport is still in the process of issuing paper bills of lading. Until now, the use of electronic means in carriage of goods by sea has not been widespread because information technology has not necessarily been an advantage. On the contrary, many times additional activities and new legal dilemmas have arisen. Blockchain technology has been invented primarily because of cryptocurrencies. However, it has some features that can be a step forward in what have so far been technological limitations in documents of title. It does not mean that this technology has answered all the outstanding legal questions. However, blockchain has all the features to enable the maritime transport industry to be computerised. The technological part must also be followed by a solution of legal issues. In this case, the solutions are either contractual or legislative.
Keywords: bill of lading, electronic bill of lading, electronic transferable documents, blockchain, carriage of goods by sea, Hague Rules, Visby Rules, Hamburg Rules, Rotterdam Rules, CargoX
